A groundbreaking new paper by University of Alaska Fairbanks physicist Dr. Gunther Kletetschka challenges our understanding of the Universe: instead of three spatial and one temporal dimension, reality might be based on three separate time axes, with space emerging as a secondary result of their interaction.
In the six-dimensional Kletetschka scheme (3T + 3S), particles and fields “move” in multidimensional time. The researcher showed that this approach naturally reproduces the observed masses of electrons, muons, and quarks without introducing new constants and is consistent with the Standard Model. Although the idea of three-dimensional time appeared in the 2000s (for example, in the works of Xiaodong Chen), until recently it was considered a purely mathematical abstraction without experimental references. The proposed metric preserves causality, preventing time loops and other paradoxes.
*Kletetschka scheme (3T + 3S) is a mathematical coordinate system with six dimensions proposed by Dr. Gunther Kletetschka.
Source: worldscientific
The center of the intersecting axes at the “beginning of time” probably corresponds to the Big Bang.
The quantum scale (t1, green) governs mass generation, yielding the observed particle generation mass ratios m1 : m2 : m3 = 1 : 4.5 : 21.0.
The interaction scale (t2, blue) mediates the quantum effects and finite corrections.
The cosmological scale (t3, red) is associated with gravitational waves, with the measured strain amplitude is Δν/ν = 1.5 × 10-15.
This left-handed coordinate system naturally explains parity violation in weak interactions through the current.
Jᵃ = Ψ̄ γᵃ (1 − γ₅) Ψ.
In the equation, γ5 represents the fifth gamma matrix, and “a” is a superscript in both Ja and γa, which is a Lorentz index that should run over spacetime coordinates (0,1,2,3).
According to the author, the model can become a unified mathematical framework for combining quantum mechanics and gravity. The priority tests include the search for characteristic deviations in the decays of unstable particles, as well as the refinement of cosmological parameters, where the new geometry can shed light on the origin of dark matter and dark energy.
If three-dimensional time does dictate the structure of space, this opens up new ways to model the evolution of the Universe, from inflationary epochs to the formation of galaxies. Such geometry can provide more accurate predictions of gravitational waves, orbital perturbations, and the behavior of matter near black holes. This, in turn, will help improve the navigation of interplanetary missions, calibrate astronomical observations, and search for signals of currently unknown physical processes in the depths of space.
If three-dimensional time dictates the “architecture” of space, it may shed new light on the main mystery of modern cosmology – why different methods give incompatible values for the rate of expansion of the Universe. Do you want to know what this “Hubble crisis” is and what implications it has for our understanding of the cosmos? Go to the article “How fast is the Universe exploding? The biggest problem in cosmology” and dive into the details of this scientific detective story.
